Pursued Oh-So-Slowly, Heroic Ship Kedges Her Getaway

‘Rope’ Excerpt: How ‘Old Ironsides’ Used an Anchor and a MILE of Line

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From ‘“ROPE: How a Bundle of Twisted Fibers Became the Backbone of Civilization” by Tim Queeney. Copyright ©2025 by the author and reprinted by permission of St. Martin’s Publishing Group.

By TIM QUEENEY

THE JULY MORNING IN 1812 was sublime, with fair-weather clouds puffed across the sky and a light breeze rippling the Atlantic off the New Jersey coast. While conditions were balmy that day, the sailors of the powerful U.S. Navy frigate USS Constitution were too busy to notice. They were aloft in the rigging of the three-masted ship working the ropes—untying reefing nettles, loosing buntlines and clewlines, and shaking out the canvas of the man-of-war’s sails. Their instructions were to set every piece of canvas. The sailors used the ship’s ropes to set the sails to get as much speed as could be wrung from the weak wind. The events of the next few days would prove the vital importance of rope in the period between the 1450s and 1880s, called the Age of Sail, when wind-driven ships ruled the seas.

That July the conflict between Britain and the United States, the War of 1812, was only a month old. USS Constitution had been ordered from Annapolis, Maryland, to New York City, where Commodore John Rodgers was forming a squadron of American warships. The Constitution needed to get to New York as fast as possible, before the Royal Navy succeeded in establishing a blockade and bottling up the American ships.

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The captain of the Constitution was Isaac Hull, an experienced commander and ship handler. He was so determined to join up with Rodgers that when a masthead lookout sighted the masts and sails of five ships on the horizon off Egg Harbor, New Jersey, Hull assumed that Rodgers had departed New York with his squadron and was sailing south to meet Hull and the Constitution. Even with all sails set, the wind was light, and the Constitution made slow progress through the day. But there was reason for good cheer aboard the frigate: soon the Constitution would add its firepower to Rodgers’s squadron.

As the five ships grew near, however, Hull had growing doubt about their status. As night fell, Hull ordered the U.S. Navy to light signal lamps to the nearest ship, off to the northeast. The ship did not respond with the counter signal, further raising Hull’s suspicions. When morning came, Hull saw that the five ships had spread on all sail and were headed toward the Constitution. And each flew the ensign of the British Royal Navy. The five ships bearing down on the Constitution were not Rodgers’s American squadron, but the British warships HMS Africa (64 guns), HMS Guerriere (38 guns), HMS Belvidera (36 guns), HMS Aeolus (32 guns), and HMS Shannon (38 guns). Even though the Constitution was a heavy frigate of 44 guns, Hull couldn’t hope to fight five opponents mounting a combined 208 guns. And for Hull to lose the Constitution would be a terrible blow to the small American navy of only eighteen ships. Hull had no choice but to turn and run from his pursuers.

Sailors scrambled across the deck and into the rigging. They handled the myriad ropes that controlled the sails as the ship made a painfully slow turn in the light wind. As the Constitution gybed before the wind, the enemy continued to close. Hull had his crew put on all sail, including the studding sails, which sit outboard of the main sails on either side and give the ship the look of sporting white wings.

The wind dropped to nothing for the Constitution, while the British ships still had a light breeze. Hull had to keep his ship moving, but the wind had betrayed the Americans. So he ordered the ship’s eight small boats launched. Rope would play another important role: as towing lines from the small boats to the Constitution. These boats were all equipped with oars, and the sailors who manned them could row and pull the ship along behind them. The sailors now worked the oars for all they were worth, slowly towing the ship forward. Soon the British lost the wind as well and the American sailors’ exertions kept the U.S. frigate just out of reach.

The Constitution was losing the race, however. The British had cleverly sent the small boats of all the ships in the squadron to tow the Shannon, the closest frigate to the Constitution.

And with roughly thirty boats pulling the Shannon forward with rope-tow lines, the British frigate was gaining on the Americans. Something else was needed, or the Constitution would have to fight, allowing the other British ships to catch up and combine their cannons against the Constitution.

Hull had his men wet the sails with seawater so the canvas could catch every bit of the weak, fitful wind. He also ordered the crew to pump more than 2,000 gallons of water overboard to lighten the ship. The Constitution’s first lieutenant, Charles Morris, then hit upon an idea. He instructed the leadsman to throw his lead line (a rope attached to a lead weight that sank to the bottom for measuring water depth). The Constitution was in a depth of 26 fathoms (156 feet). Morris suggested to Hull that this depth allowed them to use a technique called “warping,” a method of moving the ship forward with the use of a special anchor called a kedge. This was a smaller anchor than the ship’s main anchors and could be carried forward in one of the ship’s boats and dropped over the side. The anchor would fall to the bottom, and then sailors on board the ship could turn the large, manually driven anchor winch to reel in the anchor line and pull the ship forward toward the kedge anchor. Morris had been aboard the U.S. Navy frigate President

when the technique was used, and it had attained a speed of up to 3 miles per hour—slow indeed, but perhaps it would be enough to keep the British hounds at bay.

The biggest question was: Given the water depth, did the Constitution have enough heavy rope on board to make the technique work? They needed to take the kedge anchor far out ahead of the vessel so the down angle of the anchor rope would be a narrow one. An anchor rope too short meant the angle would be too steep and the anchor would not grab the sea bottom; it would pull up as soon as the rope was tensioned. Morris quickly made an inventory of heavy

rope aboard the Constitution. He wrote this in his account of the chase: “We had been on soundings the day before, and on trying we now found [the depth to be] twenty-six fathoms. . . . It gave me confidence to suggest to Captain Hull the expediency of attempting to warp the ship ahead. He acceded at once; and in a short time, the launch and first cutter were sent ahead with a kedge [anchor], and with all the hawsers and rigging, from 5 inches and upward, that could be found, making nearly a mile of length.”

With this nearly 6,000 feet (a nautical mile) of rope attached between the kedge anchor and the ship, the crew commenced warping the ship forward. Now, in addition to the sailors rowing the ship’s boats, sailors on the deck of the Constitution put their backs into the task of escape. When the ship had been brought close to the anchor, the kedge was raised, brought forward again, dropped, and the process repeated. The 420 men of the Constitution kept up this exhausting routine all day and through the night.

Though the British frigate Shannon was able to draw even with the Constitution and managed to fire a few cannons at the American frigate, the British cannonballs did no damage. Finally, after fifty-seven hours of pursuit, Hull kept his ship just far enough away from the British that when a wind sprang up, the Constitution slowly pulled away from her pursuers. By the morning of the third day, the British ships, now having fallen several miles behind, gave up the chase. Without the lengthy ropes Morris found on board and tied together to make up that nearly mile-long anchor line, the Constitution would have been captured. The ship would very likely not grace the Boston Navy Yard as she does today, still a commissioned ship in the U.S. Navy.

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